Ovarian Cysts: Causes, Symptoms, Types, and Treatment Options

Introduction

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within the ovaries. They are very common, especially in women of reproductive age. While most ovarian cysts are harmless and cause no symptoms, some can lead to complications like pain, bleeding, or fertility issues. As a woman, it's important to understand ovarian cysts so you can make informed choices about your health and well-being.

At Arva Health, we empower women by providing comprehensive fertility testing and expert guidance. If you have concerns about ovarian cysts or your reproductive health, consider taking our at-home fertility test or scheduling a consultation with one of our specialists.

What Causes Ovarian Cysts?

Ovarian cysts can develop for various reasons, but the most common cause is hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. Each month, the ovaries grow follicles that release an egg during ovulation. If a follicle keeps growing or doesn't release the egg properly, it can turn into a functional cyst.

Other potential causes of ovarian cysts include:

• Endometriosis: When tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, it can cause cysts on the ovaries called endometriomas.

• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This hormonal disorder can cause the ovaries to develop many small cysts. PCOS is a leading cause of infertility in women.

• Pregnancy: Corpus luteum cysts can form after ovulation to support early pregnancy.

• Severe pelvic infections: Infections like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can lead to cysts.

While you can't completely prevent ovarian cysts, maintaining hormonal balance through a healthy lifestyle and managing conditions like PCOS and endometriosis may help reduce your risk. If you have a family history of ovarian cysts or cancer, talk to your doctor about screening options.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

There are several types of ovarian cysts, which can be broadly categorized as functional or pathological.

Functional cysts are the most common type and usually harmless. They include:

• Follicular cysts: These form when a follicle fails to rupture and release an egg, instead continuing to grow.

• Corpus luteum cysts: After releasing an egg, a follicle becomes a corpus luteum. If it fills with fluid or blood, it becomes a cyst.

Pathological cysts are less common and develop from abnormal cell growth. Examples include:

• Dermoid cysts: These cysts contain various tissues like skin, hair, or teeth. They are usually benign but can become large.

• Cystadenomas: These cysts develop from ovarian tissue and can be filled with a watery or mucus-like fluid.

• Endometriomas: Also called "chocolate cysts," these are caused by endometriosis.

If you are diagnosed with an ovarian cyst, your doctor can determine what type it is based on its appearance on ultrasound. Functional cysts typically go away on their own within a few menstrual cycles. Pathological cysts may require closer monitoring or treatment.

Ovarian Cyst Symptoms

Most ovarian cysts don't cause any symptoms. However, some women may experience:

• Pelvic pain or pressure, especially on one side

• Bloating or swelling in the abdomen

• Painful periods or changes in menstrual bleeding

• Pain during sex

• Frequent urination

• Nausea or vomiting

Severe symptoms like sudden, sharp pelvic pain, fever, rapid breathing, or signs of shock could indicate a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion (twisting). These are medical emergencies that require immediate care.

Don't ignore persistent pelvic pain or changes in your menstrual cycle. While these symptoms don't always mean you have an ovarian cyst, it's best to get checked out by a doctor to rule out any underlying issues and get appropriate treatment if needed.

If you're experiencing troubling symptoms, book a consultation with one of Arva's fertility experts. We can help assess your situation and develop a personalized care plan.

What Size of Ovarian Cyst is Dangerous?

Most functional ovarian cysts are small, usually less than 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter, and harmless. However, cysts that are larger than 5 cm are more likely to cause pain, rupture, or twist the ovary. Complex cysts that contain solid areas or look suspicious on imaging may also be more concerning, regardless of size.

In postmenopausal women, any ovarian cyst larger than 1 cm could potentially be cancerous and requires further evaluation. If you have a large or complex ovarian cyst, your doctor may recommend surgical removal, even if you don't have symptoms. This is to prevent complications and rule out cancer.

Can I Get Pregnant with an Ovarian Cyst?

Yes, most women with ovarian cysts can still get pregnant. Functional cysts typically don't interfere with fertility. In fact, a corpus luteum cyst can be a sign of early pregnancy.

However, some types of cysts or related conditions like PCOS and endometriosis can make it more difficult to conceive. If you have ovarian cysts and are trying to get pregnant, talk to your doctor. They may recommend additional testing or fertility treatments to optimize your chances of success.

Don't let an ovarian cyst diagnosis discourage you from pursuing your family-building dreams. With proper management and support from a fertility specialist, pregnancy is often possible. Consider options like ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination (IUI), or in vitro fertilization (IVF) if needed.

Ovarian Cysts and Infertility

While ovarian cysts themselves do not typically cause infertility, certain underlying conditions that lead to cyst formation can impact fertility. Ovarian cysts cause infertilityindirectly in the following ways:

• PCOS: Women with PCOS often have many small cysts on their ovaries and may not ovulate regularly, making it harder to conceive.

• Endometriomas: Large endometriomas can distort the anatomy of the pelvis and fallopian tubes, impacting fertility.

• Ovarian torsion: If a cyst causes an ovary to twist, it can cut off blood flow and lead to tissue death, potentially affecting ovarian function.

Surgery to remove cysts can also pose risks to fertility, especially if it damages healthy ovarian tissue.

If you have ovarian cysts and are struggling to conceive, talk to a fertility specialist. They can assess your individual situation and recommend options like medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies to help you build your family.

Diagnosing and Treating Ovarian Cysts

If your doctor suspects you have an ovarian cyst, they may recommend the following tests:

• Pelvic exam to feel for any lumps or tenderness

• Ultrasound to visualize the cyst's size, location, and appearance

• Blood tests to check for signs of ovarian cancer (in rare cases)

Treatment for ovarian cysts depends on factors like your age, symptoms, and the cyst's size and appearance. Options may include:

• Watchful waiting: For small, asymptomatic cysts, your doctor may suggest monitoring with repeat ultrasounds to see if the cyst goes away on its own.

• Birth control pills: Hormonal contraceptives can help regulate your menstrual cycle and prevent new cysts from forming.

• Surgery: Large, persistent, or complex cysts may need to be surgically removed, either through laparoscopy (minimally invasive) or laparotomy (open surgery).

If you need surgery for an ovarian cyst, ask your doctor about fertility-sparing techniques and ways to minimize risks. In many cases, cystectomy (removing just the cyst) can preserve ovarian function better than oophorectomy (removing the entire ovary).

Ovarian Cyst Operation Cost

The ovarian cyst operation cost varies depending on factors like the surgical approach, your location, and your insurance coverage. In general, laparoscopic cystectomy may cost anywhere from 80,000 rupees or more while open surgery could be more expensive.

If you're concerned about the cost of treatment, talk to your doctor and insurance provider. Many plans cover medically necessary procedures. You can also explore financing options or payment plans with the hospital or surgical center.

Conclusion

Ovarian cysts are a common gynecological condition that can cause a range of symptoms and complications. While most cysts are benign and resolve on their own, some may require treatment to prevent pain, rupture, or impact on fertility. As a woman, it's important to be proactive about your reproductive health. If you suspect you have an ovarian cyst, don't hesitate to talk to your doctor.

At Arva Health, we believe every woman deserves access to reliable fertility information and support. Our at-home fertility tests and expert consultations can help you understand your reproductive health and achieve your family-building goals. With proper diagnosis and management, you can protect your well-being and embrace a brighter future.